Smart Goal - 1306 Words

Course Project Milestone 1: SMART Goal Setting Form Your Name: | Date:05/17/2013 | Your Instructor’s Name: | Purpose: To develop (2) SMART-formatted goals for selected leadership topics and a corresponding plan of action for achieving the goals. Directions: 1. Please refer to the Milestone 1 guidelines inclusive of the grading rubric found in Doc Sharing for the guidelines of this assignment. 2. Use the form below to complete your SMART goal assignment in Milestone 1. This includes filling in the table with each specific component of your goal; Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time bound. 3. Next, connect all five components and develop a SMART goal in a written sentence form. 4. Next, create†¦show more content†¦| I am going to be involved in this implementation with leadership team, nurse manager and director of nursing. | M: measurableHow are you going to achieve the goal? | This goal will be achieved by organizing in-services to discuss these problems, giving each staff the printed version of the policy to sign after reading, reviewing the organization’s policies and protocol on absence and tardiness from work. As well as how it could result into termination from work. | A: attainableWhat resource s/expert available to assist you with attaining your goal? | This is attainable through the cooperation of the nurses, showing up on time for work to relieve the end of shift nurses, calling the unit in advance if there is going to be a delay or absence to work. Also with the monitoring of the staff roaster on a daily basis by the nurse manager, leadership team and Director of nursing to see the trend or pattern of absence. | R: realisticIs this goal something that is realistically obtainable in a professional practice? | This is a realistic goal and it will be attained through some adjustment in the system. For example giving a disciplinary action to any nurse with more than 3 call outs in a month, giving incentive to the nurse with perfect attendance throughout the year, flexible scheduling due to family emergency with advance notice, creating a swapping list forShow MoreRelatedSmart Goals1062 Words   |  5 PagesProject Milestone 1: SMART Goal Setting Form Your Name: Ayoola Oyenuga | Date:20Jul2013 | Your Instructor’s Name: Teresa Hayden | Purpose: To develop (2) SMART-formatted goals for selected leadership topics and a corresponding plan of action for achieving the goals. Directions: 1. Please refer to the Milestone 1 guidelines inclusive of the grading rubric found in Doc Sharing for the guidelines of this assignment. 2. Use the form below to complete your SMART goal assignment in MilestoneRead MoreSmart Goals1174 Words   |  5 PagesSMART GOALS : A PERFORMANCE MULTIPLIER A White Paper by: Maj. Gen. BK Bhatia Abstract Accountability of employees is most vital to the growth of an organization. This paper illustrates, with the help of a Case Study, how Goal setting helps an organization to drive performance. Before the AGM- 2005 Board of Directors found it difficult to face the stake holders, more so the investors. The CEO felt that the company could have done better. Managers at all levels murmured that their subordinatesRead MoreSmart Goals Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesSmart Goals Essay Vanessa Goins Grand Canyon University MGT-605 (MGT-605-0103) Leadership Professor Andree Swanson March 21, 2013 Out of the three goals, (Personal, educational, and professional) I chose two of the goals that I am focusing on and that is my personal and educational goals. For my personal goals, I want to create a big picture of what I plan to do in life. Then I want to break them down in order to reach my goals, then once I have them together, then I would start workingRead MoreUop Smart Goals Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material SMART Goals Part A: Reflect on your results from the Career Interest Profiler Activity and the Career Plan Building Activity: Competencies. Building on your strengths and weaknesses, create five SMART goals to help you with your personal academic and career journey. Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Goal Setting Example: Take a writing workshop in the next 2 to 3 weeks to help me improve my writing skills in order to successfully communicate withRead MoreMarketing Plan For Smart Goals992 Words   |  4 Pagessolid concrete foundation, you may not realize that the Smart Goal was implemented to achieve the goal that concrete conforms into a solid mass. In order for that structure to be successful a well thought out chemistry plan was designed, and instrumented through the SMART Goal success. To make your goal S.M.A.R.T., it needs to conform to the following criteria: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Timely. When implementing Smart Goals your mind needs to be clear and your thinking cap mustRead MoreSmart Goal Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesThe first SMART goal that I would like to accomplish to help improve my leadership skills if barcoding all stock rooms for each department. Barcoding each department will save time, money, faster customer service, and better accuracy of orderi ng. The nurses would save time as well as they are not having to input a fourteen-digit number to charge just one item each time a supply is used on a patient. They can focus more on the patient. It will approximately decrease ordering supplies about threeRead MoreHealthcare Smart Goals1309 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare SMART Goals Name Instructors Name Course Code SMART Goals The first goal is to promote professional development through mentoring programs for career development, professional growth, increase of morale, and quality within my nursing career by the end of one year. The second goal is to apply the principles of effective organization involving use of information, focus on patient care giving, and design clinical care giving in an organizational chart to achieve organizationalRead MoreNR447 SMART Goal Guidelines1943 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Leadership Development SMART Goal Setting: Guidelines Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to develop a SMART-formatted goal on a selected professional leadership topic applicable to your current practice setting or future leadership development goals. This goal is about your leadership development needs, not those of the organization. The Institute of Medicine’s quality initiative has identified five core healthcare profession competencies that serve as a framework for identification of theRead MoreSMART Goals for Yourself Essays1017 Words   |  5 Pagespath is to set goals for yourself. They are important to keep yourself on task and to get to a desired point of self fulfillment. The issue can be how to achieve goals in a successful manner. The issue is Although people may desire or intend to attain some outcome, they are not committed to that as a goal until they are willing to invest affect, cognition, and behavior in attaining it (Traci Mann, 2013). This is why it is important to have a set path on how to accomplish important goals. I have chosenRead MoreLeadership Development Smart Goals1248 Words   |  5 Pagesit is patients, families, co-workers or communities; the need for leadership and organizational skills are in demand more now than ever. The goal of this paper is to further discuss the purpose of my leadership development plan utilizing professionals, peer-reviewed articles, and credible websites that pertain to each of my SMART goals. The SMART goal topics that I have chosen are to improve upon my communication skills and to decrease the length of stay of clients with congested heart failure

The Effects Of Carbon Emissions On The Environment And The...

Into the Future This issue of making sure life paths don’t negatively affect the environment is prevalent in everyone s life. The problem is in front of our eyes, but we aren t making changes to solve it. Carbon emissions is destroying our environment every single day. Most individuals wouldn’t think twice about their actions because the negative effects don t interfere with their present life. Our world is slowly deteriorating because of all the non-environmentally friendly actions we do, such as driving inefficient cars, buy goods produced from unregulated factories, and so on. Carbon emissions negatively impact the environment and the health of humans. It causes the global temperature to rise which creates severe weather events, like heat waves or forest fires. Increase in temperature affects many wildlife species, putting them in great amounts of stress potentially causing extinction. There will be a potential increase of respiratory and cardiovascular problems in humans as well. I want to do my part to prevent this problem from further happening. There are necessary steps for me to take before I can make sure that my idea be possible. I would like to become an architect in the future, and there are numerous issues that I will encounter trying to limit the amount of environmental damage caused by my actions. I have certain choices that I can make to ensure that this doesn’t happen. As an architect. I will bring ideas to capture peoples attention. Houses andShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Everyones Carbon Footprint Is Having On The1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe effect everyones carbon footprint is having on the environment Carbon footprint is the measure of the amount of plant resources you use. The more your carbon footprint goes up, the more effect it has on the environment. Everyday people are doing actives that are producing greenhouse gas emissions. If one sees their greenhouse gas emission going up, that means that there will be an increase in climate change which will then lead to global warming. Your carbon footprint has a huge effect on notRead MoreCarbon Monoxide And Its Effects On The Environment1677 Words   |  7 Pagesextent of their effects on the environment. One of these toxins among the many is carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a gaseous chemical toxin that is emitted into the air through human activity. The emission of carbon monoxide is negative one not only on the environment but to animals, plants, and humans alike. In some instances, the effects of these emissions are irreversible. In this essay, the effects of carbon monoxide, its classification, and source will be explored. These effects include the environmentalRead MoreClimate Change : An Effective Method Of Improving Air Quality During This Transition1676 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to high carbon emissions. Climate change is a timely, controversial and significant topic. Global temperature has been increasing since the start of the Industrial Revolution and climate specialists have put forth an array of compelling evidence to prove the actuality of climate change. Climate change is already a threat to our planet’s population and economy; it is an issue that requires effective and long-lasting action. Our government has a responsibility to reduce carbon emissions through large-scaleRead MoreA New Era Of Working Towards Ending A Coming Disaster1678 Words   |  7 Pagesthe economy, and predominantly the environment. According to the IPCC, â€Å"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (Voiland).† Futur e generations of mankind are put at risk because of problems we the present are creating. Climate change, the result of greenhouse gases thickening the atmosphere, challenges the environment by warming the climate, rising sea levels, jeopardizing human health, and possibly shattering the economyRead MoreTransportation And Its Affect On The Environment Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesTransportation and its affect on the environment     Imagine our earth and its luscious green land where we can plant all of our crops on, or our clear sky where we can enjoy seeing the sunrise or sunset, or how about our vast, blue oceans that houses the marine life and where we can vacation by, it s beautiful isn t it? Imagine all of that slowly crumbling away right before our eyes. What if we can no longer plant crops on our land, enjoy the sunrise/sunset, or vacation by the ocean? All of thatRead MoreFossil Fuels And Their Impact On The Environment862 Words   |  4 PagesFossil Fuels and Their Impact on the Environment The amount of fossil fuels being deposited into the air should be controlled. Not only do fossil fuels pose a threat to the environment, but also to human health. The problem is not only noticeable in the depletion of human health, but also in the air, water, and land. Emissions are a concerning contribution to other problems such as global warming and greenhouse gases as well. One of the major factors of fossil fuels are vehicles. VehiclesRead MoreGlobal Warming Is An Global Issue That The World Is Facing Right Now Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that the changes in the global climate are called the â€Å"global warming.† Based on the article of Chaya Dachoh, global warming is a global increase in the temperature of the earth s atmosphere, usually due to the greenhouse effect, which is the result of excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants in the air. The temperature here on earth can skyrocket past 104 F and can drop lower than 32 F (Dachoh). The world has filled with many technologies that scientists and other environmentalistsRead MorePollution Of Fossil Fuels And Deforestation Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Greenhouse Effect (MFE Australia, 2013). What are Greenhouse gasses? Greenhouse gasses are emissions that traps heat in the atmosphere (EPA, 2012). Main greenhouse gasses consists of Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane ( CH4), Nitrous Oxide (NO2) and Fluorinated gasses (EPA, 2012). The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation by incineration are common sources of atmospheric CO2 emissions, since growing forests are being incinerated it rules out the chance of any plant removing carbon dioxide by photosynthesisRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution990 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. The pollutants in our environment are mainly caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Air pollution has a massive impact on the environment. It also has an negative impact on the human body. Air pollution can be prevented by performing many simple tasks. Air pollution is extremely dangerous to the human body and the environment and should be dealt with more seriously. The burning of fossil fuels is the main cause of air pollution. The green house gasses that humans produce contributes to airRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesThough gasoline cars make lives of humans easier to travel, it threatens the environment. Climate is defined as weather conditions existing in a particular area over a period of time. When changes in weather patterns start to occur, this is called climate change. Peter Singer describes carbon emissions would extinguish human life. Climate change is a disastrous event because there is a wide range of environmental impacts affecting life expectancy. In different geographical areas, climates will change

Animal Farm Lies=Failure Free Essays

To have a functional society there must be a trust between the people and the government. A functional society is defined by how they treat their people, if they lie their people will not respect them. Due to the fact that the government in 1984 and Animal Farm lie to their citizens, their societies are a failure. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Farm Lies=Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1984 the government says that its citizens are free to do what they want but that is a lie. This is because the people actually live in constant fear of telling the facts due to the fatal consequences that would follow. O’Brien says, â€Å"Freedom is the freedom to say two plus two makes four, if that is granted all else follows†(69; Bk1, ch. 7). The citizens in 1984 are in constant fear of saying the wrong thing and getting shot which is not the definition of a free though society. A free thought is where people can think what they want without the fear of getting in trouble. As it shows in 1984 when someone has a thought they have to keep it in or they will be imprisoned. This is the definition of a non-successful society. If the government can lie to its people nothing will ever change and nothing will have the chance to get any better. If someone is naive of the fact that there was a better time in history before the dictatorship they see the present as better then before. Due to the falsifying of documents of history in 1984 it seems as though the party is the best to all of the people and that they are getting better, when in all actuality that is not the case. Winston says,† If the party could thrust its hand into the past and say this or that event, it never happened-that, surely was more terrifying then death†(34; Bk1, ch. 3). If the government is saying that something did or did not happen they are altering history, which is lying to its people. Winston states,† Nothing exists except an endless present in which the party is always right†(155; Bk. 2, ch. 5). Due to the lies about the past the people think that their society is good because they don’t know the actual situation before Big Brother. Thus creating a false reality of what happened in the past. This shows that they have lied to their citizens and thus there society was a failure. In Animal Farm it was portrayed that all animals were created equal, when is actuality that is not true. Towards the beginning of the book before the takeover all the animals were equal in theory. As soon as the takeover took place, Napoleon and the rest of the pigs established themselves as the leaders thus making them higher up in the society. Benjamin reads what was on the wall,† All animals are created equal, but some animals are more equal than others†(143; ch. 10). This is different from the original idea in that every animal was equal no matter what because of the fact that they didn’t like the humans and didn’t want to be like them. This is where they lied in regards to the changing of the slogan and gave their society the mark of death. Just like the other instances the lack of capability of the government not to lie to its people is very slim. This fact leads to the failure of the society as a whole. In 1984 and Animal Farm the government lied to their people which eventually led to their societies failure. If an individual does not have the ability to say something that is factual without the fear of being shot that is a functional society. It is not when the person is told what to think, how to think it, and when to think it. Also if the government lies to its people about its past then there is no way for anyone to try to make a better future. This leads to the failure of the society as a whole. Finally when the government from Animal Farm lied about the equality of its people they doomed there societies identity forever. Everyone wants to be equal and if you take that away then what are u left with. Fact is if the government lies to their people such as in Animal Farm and 1984 their society is doomed to failure. How to cite Animal Farm Lies=Failure, Papers

Project on Micromax free essay sample

With profound sense of gratitude and regard, we express our sincere thanks to our guide and mentor Ms Deepshikha Kalra, for her valuable guidance and the confidence she instilled in us, that helped us in the successful completion of this project report. Her thorough understanding of the subject and professional guidance was indeed of immense help to us. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY AND GROWTH RATE Indias telecommunication network is the second largest in the world based on the total number of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phone) It has one of the lowest call tariffs in the world enabled by the mega telephone networks and hyper-competition among them. It has the worlds third-largest Internet user-base with over 137 million as of June 2012 Indian telecom industry underwent a high pace of market liberalization and growth since 1990s and now has become the worlds most competitive and one of the fastest growing telecom markets The Industry has grown over twenty times in just ten years, from under 37 million subscribers in the year 2001 to over 846 million subscribers in the year 2011 India has the worlds second-largest mobile phone user base with over 929. We will write a custom essay sample on Project on Micromax or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 37 million users as of May 2012 The total revenue of the Indian telecom sector grew by 7% to INR 283207 crore (US$43 billion) for 2010–11 financial year, while revenues from telecom equipment segment stood at INR117039 crore (US$18 billion) INTRODUCTION TO MICROMAX Micromax is an Indian consumer electronics company located in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. It is in the business of manufacturing of Mobile Telephones, Tablet Computers, 3G Data cards and LED Televisions. It has 23 offices in India and an international office in Hong Kong.The company has about 656 employees. Micromax started as an IT software company in the year 2000 working on embedded platforms. In 2008, it entered mobile handset business and by 2010 it became one of the largest Indian domestic mobile handsets company operating in low cost feature phone segments. The company has a 22% market share in the Smartphone segment in India. As per IDC for Q2 2013. This transformation was steered by four friends who divided responsibilities on functional lines, which haven’t changed since: Rajesh Agarwal, Rahul Sharma,Vikas Jain, and Sumeet Arora. The companys product portfolio embraces more than 60 models today, ranging from feature rich, dual-SIM phones to QWERTY, touch-enabled smart-feature phones and 3G Android Smartphones. They also lay special focus on the products to enhance the customers overall experience with the device. Most of their products come with innovative packaging and bundled accessories. The company claims it has many firsts to its credit in the Mobile handset market including the 30-day battery backup, dual SIM, QWERTY Keypad, Universal Remote Control Mobile Phone etc. Micromax has presence in more than 560 districts through 125,000 retail outlets in India. The company has sales presence spread across Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Competitive Rivalry within the Industry Competition if healthy would bring huge success but if negative would destroy the whole industry so it should be critically analyzed for better future of the company. Micromax has a very strong position in the Indian mobile industry but few major rivals do exist in the industry like Samsung, Sony, HTC Etc. Above mentioned companies are fighting continuously to get on to  each other and avoid any sort of competition but I is still there. If we talk about marketing and advertising these companies have spent hell of their expenditures for the purpose of effective marketing and advertising and in competition they have always out performed each other. Competition is violent in the mobile industry, and this is a plus point for consumers. Provided that these companies carry on in competing with each other, consumers will persistently enjoy improving product qualities. Bargaining Power of Customers The bargaining power of customers has always been an important factor in terms of company’s performance so this should be given reasonable value while accessing the company’s position. Customers carry huge quantity of bargaining power concerning their utilization of different Micromax products. Although a lot of substitute products and competitors Micromax customers have very influential choices but still the quality and pricing that has been maintained by Micromax has made it very successful among the users. It is very important to understand the power of the customers and also their needs so that they can be better satisfied. This is what Micromax always cares about and that is reflected in Micromaxs strategies that are being used wile creation of new products as society has in progress of becoming more tech savvy . Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of suppliers is very important factor to be considered in any industry as they are the main strength of the company. Micromax is now known for strong relations with the suppliers around the globe due to its immense buying power and also because of the fact that in such products quality is always important. Micromax as always focused over strong and sturdy business relations to make the ongoing quality stronger. Additionally, Micromax also presents helpful guidance to its suppliers on how to work more proficiently to decrease redundant expenses. And thus it cares of its suppliers which in return pays them off in the form of quality products. Threat of Substitute Goods Substitutes have always been in line whenever we talk about products market, every kind of product has a substitute present which leads it to the heights of competition when taken seriously. As the product is very common and frequently used product so the threat of substitutes is very high here. Like if we take the example of Airtel Mobile Network Connection the substitutes of this is Vodafone Services that serve as a competition. So Micromax has to innovate its products tremendously to stay in the market and to work efficiently for removing the threat of substitutes. We can take the example of recent innovation which are very effective and efficient factor that has been introduced in all products of Micromax. Such initiatives would make it easier for Micromax to go beyond the substitutes Threat of New Entrants If the market is attractive the new entrants would always be a threat for the company but if the market has been restricted to a limited resource and it has very few areas of improvement so it becomes difficult for new entrants to get into the market and hence monopolies exist. Although Micromax has accomplished a strong name in the Indian mobiles market but as the Mobile industry is very huge and viable; so there are a lot of companies who already entered in this market like ( Karbonn, Gionee, Lava, Xolo, Lenovo, Etc) and somehow achieved a place in the market even though they could not cross Micromax in terms of market share. Every year number of companies attempt to enter the market and strive for their share of profit and productivity in the market but very few survive. Micromax has been the leader of market for almost 2 years so now it has become a very big challenge for the new entrants to not only work over their quality but they also have to cut the share of Micromax to survive which is quite difficult. Fundamentally, Micromax is persistently on the board, and therefore the threat of new entrants is temperate.

Gis Proposal free essay sample

The Department of Parks and Recreation, under the Guidance of the Community Outreach Leader will work with the Department of Public Transportation to coordinate with event planners for special events. The project is focused on delivering 8 weeks before an event an organized public transit system plan to ferry people to and from a venue, then to advertise the great use and convenience of the public transit. The event will occur on week 9 and week 10 will be spent reviewing and cataloging the plan. Budget: ItemCostReason Salaries†¦$170,000we need a high quality team Advertising†¦$70,000the project depends highly on informing the public Hardware/software$0Their should be computers using ArcMap accessible The implementation of a Public Transportation System for special events coupled with advertising for it will increase the use of the PTS and help the community. It will be a great marketing tool for the public transit and fulfill the job description for Community Outreach Program leader to further the use of public transit and at the same time provide a safer service fro the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Gis Proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction The city of Tempe has an extensive public transportation network. It also contains many venues for special events, such as the Sun Devils Stadium, and Diablo Stadium. There is a need to reorganize public transportation to accommodate large events such as a free Pro-Football game attended by many people that would use the public transportation system. This problem has two sides, one is a need to know where such an event is, where people are and how many people will attend it using public transportation; the other side of the problem is communicating to the right people that the bus line, or in the future the Light Rail System, has been modified to accommodate the special event. Details that would need to be advertised are, for example, more busses on a route spaced out every 5 minutes instead of every 15 minutes or even new routes and new pick up locations. The solution to this need is an accessible geo-database and application set up for people to input variables such as what venue is holding the event, expected turnout, and which people could use the public transportation to get there. These variables would be attained with the cooperation of the organizers of the event, and the advertising of the public transportation should be part of the advertising for the event. GIS has been used for public transportation in many different ways, and as Community Outreach Program Leader advertising the use of public transportation, but the combination of public outreach and temporally reorganizing public transportation to meet special occasion does not have the history it deserves. Transportation uses GIS for special events to reorganize traffic lights in order to alleviate traffic. To see a product that provides this service visit http://www. iteris. com/ts/software/systemview. html or http://www. edcsolutions. om/transportation. htm. What makes this project unique is the integration of pre-event traffic planning and including public transportation. The advantages of having such an application in place are plentiful. As Community Outreach Program Leader, one of my concerns is advertising the use of the Public Transit System (PTS); the attention of the special event and the advertising of the public transit as a hassle free way to get to and from an event, an d not worry about a designated driver would increase awareness of public transit. This in turn may increase use of the PTS and reduce long-term traffic. Short term traffic around events is another problem; with PTS coordinating with the special events and the proper advertising that short-term traffic may also be reduced, decreasing the stress of the spectators and ergo the stress on the police at the special events. With a planned drop of location the crowd control in and out of the venue would also be easier for the police; both of these factors may mean less man power per event, which would mean less cost to the city. Another important benefit is the reduction of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) associated with people driving home after events. Less DUIs means less accidents and less police manpower wasted on senseless death. The venue would also benefit from such a system in place. More attendance would mean higher revenues for the venue and ergo the city through taxes. The venue would also need less parking for attendants. The accessibility of handicapped people to the events would also be increased, as busses and all city PTS are handicapped accessible. Problems associated with special events can be solved with better planning and organization from GIS. Getting people to use public transportation for special events may lead them to use PTS for everyday uses, would be a great boost to the cities efficiency. Solving the hassles of traffic around special events by drawing more people to those events on organized PTS, and creating a situation where better crowd control measures around large events can better be managed would benefit everyone and help reduce stress and possible crime (after game riots) around those special events. Project Description Timeline: Week 1 – Find good people from Public Transit, and various GIS trained specialist to help develop and implement this project and find office with equipment for this project. Week 2 – Collect data. Week 3 – Start building the geo-database and integrate the data. Week 4 – Set up pilot project, by finding event and working with event planners to set up drop off locations and times (for crowd control), as well as coordinate advertising and figure out where most people interested in attending are. Week 5 – Work on demographics and information given from the event planners to locate people to advertise. Week 6 – Plan locations for pick-ups to the event and plan for modifying the PTS to accommodate for more people to the event. This includes organizing the PTS to work more to accommodate the new traffic, yet still provide normal services. Week 7 – Advertise in the areas where we expect to draw people to the event form. And work with event planners in advertising both the event and the new service. Week 8 – Continue advertising and measure response to attempt to calculate how many people will use the public transportation for this event. Week 9 – Monitor event and reevaluate what works and doesn’t to improve on system. Week 10 – Train people to implement this new service and maintain the system. Theoretical Framework Work Flow The scope of this project will be broad and include two departments. The Community Outreach Program Leader under the Department of Parks and Recreation, working closely with the Department of Transportation, will direct it. All three division leads of buses, traffic, and light rail will be involved. Working together we will create a system that can be implemented when needed. The project will require access to a computer lab and hard drive space to hold the database. Research fro the data and some digitizing of new bus stop and pick-ups locations. The precision of the data will not be paramount, though good data makes any project better. Our needs will be use of computer lab and memory storage for the database. The software we will be using is ArcMap, with some minimal licenses. Most importantly are the people. One person will do most of the project; that will be the Community Outreach Program Leader (COPL). The COPL will have a small staff of two to three people to help with the GIS and overall coordinating. The COPL will coordinate with the Department of Transportation and their Leads. It will be the COPL’s responsibility to organize and maintain the schedule. The people in the Department of Transportation will supply support in forms of data needed for the project and organizing the PTS to meet the plans set forth by the system. Advertising is another issue that will be imperative to the success of the system; a budget for advertising and an Ad Consultant will be hired to manage the advertising. The Ad consultant will be supplied with the appropriate area and people’s addresses to advertise to by the Community Outreach Leader. Procedures for data acquisition will the responsibility of the COPL. They will include acquiring the roads, venue locations, demographics, residences addresses, bus routes, other public transportation routes, land use (more specifically parking lots or open fields where buses can pick up people, and people can park their cars or just meet prior and after the event), and traffic congestion data around venues from previous events. Some of the data will be acquired from the transportation department, such as roads, PTS routes, and the traffic congestion data from special events. Demographics can be attained from census data, and target audience and some people’s addresses can be attained through the event organizers, as they will have some idea who will be interested in that event. Procedures of updating and re-executing the system for each special event will come to the COPL to perform, and it will be that person’s responsibility to reorganize the PTS and organize the advertising. After every event the data should be saved as a separate project, and accessible for future special event planning. The data that is relevant to any future project will be added to the database and metadata will be completed to contain all projection and original origin as well as what projects that data was used in. Every special event will be unique and have different target audiences to advertise to. But some aspects of each will repeat; for instance the location of Sun Devil stadium is not going to change, and the general area of people that would take public transportation to the event will not change to much either, so regular Cardinal games should be similar in nature and use similar data. Public transportation should be viewed as a convenience that everyone could use, not just lower income people. Special events draw many different people, yet the hassles of getting to them and the traffic around them are a burden on the spectators. The use of the PTS for these events and the advertising of it may induce many more people to use the public transportation, which would help alleviate the stress on the existing transportation infrastructure. During special events traffic is a concern, with more public transportation, and preference given to it, traffic may be reduced. Another problem the special events have is crowd control. Tempe is a college town and the recent eruption of riots after games and other special events by college students calls to attention the need of crowd control. With many of the people coming to the event on the PTS, and being dropped off and after picked up at the same location to return home that portion of the crowd can be managed better and moved into the venue and away from the venue quicker, allowing for less time to mobs to form and riots to begin. The implementation of this system efficiently and at high enough capacity, may also reduce the cost to the city by alleviating the need for police presence and more effectively controlling the traffic and crowd. Training for the COPL staff will consist of a one-week course to get acquainted to the hard ware and software available for the project. During this week the staff will also be getting familiar with the Department of Transportation’s people and data, along with one organizer for a special event intended for the pilot project. Once the pilot project is completed, and a workable system is in place the template for future events will be easily transferred to other cities, and in broader terms to the greater Phoenix area. The data needed and the ArcMap software in conjunction with the PTS of any city this plan and system could be implemented for any event. The City of Tempe should expect from this system a template for promoting public transportation at the same time as promoting special events while also organizing and controlling the traffic and crowd better than before around the special events. Deliverables Every event will be a new project, but as experience is gained and each project is compiled and added to the database, the time spent researching for advertising and rerouting PTS will be reduced. The Capturing of data from each event will be saved as a project in ArcMap, and be accessible for future projects to gather data in the form of layers. This will need to be stored and backed up on several hard drives. The projects will be displayed to communicate what routes will be needed come into consensuses with the other parties involved. Then once the consensus has been agreed upon, the plan for the routing of public transportation maps will be produced for the advertising campaign and maps for the bus drivers. The time expected for a project would be ten weeks or two and a half months. The training and preparing will occur in the first week. The data collection and database organization will occur in the next two weeks. Coordinating with the event planner about target audience and drop off locations for crowd control will take place on week 4, 6 weeks before the event. Then on week 5 we contact an Ad agency and work out our target audience and where they are and how best to reach them. Week 6 is spent working out the pick-up locations and PTS routing. On week 7 we begin our ad campaign with the produced maps and PTS routes. Week 8 we continue advertising and start to get feed back as to how much volume the PTS will experience, and adjust the planned intervals for busses and possible light rail to the event. Week 9 is the event and we monitor it and continue our ad campaign until the day of the event. During the event we monitor and take note of what worked best and what needs improvement. The week after the event is taken to compile the data into the Database and compile the Metadata of what problems need to be looked at for next project. Our metadata will follow ESRI’s use of FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata plus added notes about each project and what happen in the implementation and what suggestions for another similar project. Liability Statement The Community Outreach Program Leader and/or their staff will not be responsible for any representation of the special event or will they responsible for what people that take the public transportation do before, during, or after the event. The attendance of people to the event is not the responsibility of anyone working for this project. Budget ItemCostReason Salaries†¦$170,000we need a high quality team Advertising†¦$70,000the project depends highly on informing the public Hardware/software$0Their should be computers using ArcMap accessible Conclusion The implementation of a Public Transportation System for special events coupled with advertising for it will increase the use of the PTS and help the community. It will be a great marketing tool for the public transit and fulfill the job description for Community Outreach Program leader to further the use of public transit and at the same time provide a safer service fro the community. Bottom of Form Organize Group Special Event Get Data Coordinate with Department of Transportation Map of reorganized PTS Routes Advertise Implement Evaluate Sun Devil Stadium Public Transit Routes Drop Off and Pick Up Spot Pick up and Drop off Spots

According to the traditional German view

According to the traditional German view, German unification was achieved in 1871 as a result of the actions of one great man, Otto von Bismarck, the Minister-President of Prussia, who planned the events leading to unification in detail. However, more recent historians have argued that Bismarck had no such ``master plan''. Instead, Bismarck's success was a result of his flexibility as a statesman, combined with the advantages Prussia enjoyed both in its resources and its diplomatic situation, the latter of which was improved by the mistakes and misjudgements of others. There were essentially two halves to Bismarck's supposed master plan: defeat Austria, keeping her as an ally by treating her leniently, and defeat France. Defeating Austria required the neutrality of France and Russia, and a way in which to trick Austria into declaring war with Prussia, so that Austria would appear to be to blame. According to the traditional view, Bismarck planned ways in which to carry this out. Originally it was said that Bismarck's handling of the rebellion in Russian Poland resulted in Russian neutrality: the rebellion was a potential threat to Russia, so Bismarck offered the Tsar military help, thereby gaining Russia's friendship. However, this was not entirely the case, and Bismarck almost ruined the good diplomatic position he had inherited: There was almost a French, British and Austrian alliance of liberal opposition against Prussia over the matter, and Russia resented Prussian interference. In the end, Russia's friendship with Prussia remained intact, and the Prussian benefit was that Austria's relations with Russia had worsened over Austrian opposition to Russia's Polish policy. Furthermore, this could not have been part of a master plan since Bismarck had no way of knowing about the rebellion in advance. It is more likely that Bismarck was simply following Prussia's Polish policy, and his ability to lie low in order to prevent any f...

Confernce 5 Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Confernce 5 - Personal Statement Example Organizational learning is composed of all dynamic human practices and processes that are needed to increase the knowledge management capacity of organizations (Dalkir and Liebowitz 6). It is important to make the distinction between organizational learning and a learning organization because it meaningfully connects theories to practices and processes, and these actions, in turn, are related to the goals of developing a learning organization (Schwandt and Marquardt 26). One of the problems associated in the practice of learning organizations is that when managers and firm owners read about learning organizations, they implement only the end result of a learning organization without understanding and responding to underlying theories on organizational learning, thereby being unable to connect the relationship between theories and learning organization outcomes (Schwandt and Marquardt 26). These managers become myopic in thinking because they may perceive only the descriptive model of organizational learning, instead of seeing it as a dynamic model (Schwandt and Marquardt 26). Knowing that organizational learning is different from a learning organization is the firs t step to recognizing that organizational learning is needed to create a learning

Text Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Text Analysis - Essay Example The main clause in this is 'iron man stood at the top of the cliff.' This clause is by itself a sentence. This means there is a complete meaning for it even if it is alone with no other phrase. (English grammar 2009). This structure of the sentence makes it ambiguous because since 'taller than a house' precedes 'iron man' and 'cliff', who or what is taller than a house might confuse the students. This affects the semantics of the sentence. This is due to improper phrase structure. It reads better as, 'The Iron Man, taller than a house, stood in the darkness, at the top, on the very brink of the cliff.' Thus, the sentence will be understood better. This creates a language cluster with 'at the top, on the very brink of the cliff.' Speaking about the pragmatics in it, the exact meaning of the sentence will be understood only if the students know who the iron man is or what the story is about. Else, they will be puzzled about how a man can be made of iron. The sentence alone will only give a sense of the real meaning; that the iron man, a very tall person, stood at the edge of the cliff in the darkness. As the students discuss among themselves, they might come up with negotiated meanings for the sent ence like the iron man wanted to jump off the cliff because he was standing at the edge of it. The denoted meaning is that the man was made of iron, that he was very tall, and that he stood at the edge of the cliff in the darkness. But, connotation might arise at the mention of iron and the edge of the cliff. It varies with each student, but it might be something like imagining themselves as the iron man or as standing at edge of a cliff. In this case, the first level of pragmatism is that the tall iron man stood at the edge of the cliff in the darkness. The second level of pragmatism gives the idea that it was night time. The third level of pragmatism will bring in thoughts like he will or will not die if he falls off the cliff because he's made of iron and there is a chance of falling since its dark. This sentence contains almost all the elements of English language, and can be used as a good example for teaching what phrases and clauses are. But considering the limitations of the students, this one is a bit confusing to start with. 2. The wind sang through his iron fingers: The nouns in the sentence are 'wind and 'iron fingers' where again, iron is a descriptive part. 'Sang' is the simple past tense verb in it. 'The' is the article and 'through' is the preposition. 'His' is the pronoun. The sentence is a very simple one with just a single clause. The sentence does not provide any ambiguity in its structure, and is right semantically. The meaning of the sentence is pretty easy for any child. Taking this particular sentence alone, its pragmatism is to be discussed. Since the iron man's name is not mentioned, the reference of 'his' will create a problem. The sense of meaning that this sentence gives is that the iron fingers had gaps in between through which the wind blew singing. The negotiated meaning can be that a giant had iron fingers with so much of gap in between them that even a child can pass through it. The denoted meanin

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Management - Assignment Example With the imminent move toward internationalisation and liberalisation of industry, organisations need to be equipped with the rapid alterations in the business forces. Hence, every company require adjusting with the varying demand of customers as well as variations in the business environment. It is in this context that change is the response of business and other economic occurrences. Change is the procedure of administrative awareness, selection of alternatives and implementation of new or modified functions where managers view certain actions taking place, representing the requirement of change (Rashid & et. al., 2004). The change procedure in modern organisations is exclusive from every perspective owing to the differences prevailing in terms of the culture, i.e. the type of trade, the working environment, the values and principles, the administration and leadership style and the behaviours as well as approach of current employees. Additionally, there is risk of failure as people are generally observed to behave as resistant to the change being implemented or even those which are occurring spontaneously. For some people change can give pleasure, bliss and benefits, while for others, change can bring discomfort, pressure and difficulties (Rashid & et. al., 2004). Among all other factors, the most influential aspect which can create a vast impact on change is the organisational culture (Rashid & et. al., 2004). With due consideration to these prospects, the paper assesses how organisational culture creates an impact on the manner organisational change is embraced or resisted by the employees. Defining Organisational Culture The conception of organisational culture is extensively used in modern day organisations in order to define the environment and working practices which have been developed in order to manage the employees and at large preserve the smooth commencement of business operations. IT is in this context that organisational culture encourages moral e amid employees and statement of principles of a particular company. It is the duty of leaders being the prime executers in an organisation, to develop an effective culture according to the working procedure. It is also their sole responsibility to extinguish a particular culture when it becomes obsolete (Donnell & Boyle, 2008). Culture in any organisation provides the feeling of distinctiveness and defines the organisational traditions, customs, principles, meanings, values, standards and the way determined objectives are achieved in organisations. The culture summarises the positive performances and traditions which was worked in the past. These performances are accepted by long-serving employees in an organisation. Furthermore, the foremost concern a new employee acquires about an organisation is the culture. Culture remains in organisation and becomes a part of its conventional manner of conducting works. Over the years, organisations also develop standards, i.e.

A Robust Cost Leadership Strategy Marketing Essay

A Robust Cost Leadership Strategy Marketing Essay As the business environment become even more dynamic, a robust cost leadership strategy within the framework of corporate strategy is vital in order to ensure the success of the organization. It should provide the direction that the whole organization can pursue to secure the companys future survival and success. There are types of generic strategies that companies must possess to achieve competitive advantage. The first generic strategy is cost leadership strategy and the others are differentiation and focus strategies. Competitive advantage can be defined as anything which gives one organization an edge over its rival in the products it sell or the services it offers. In general, cost leadership is about being the lowest cost producer in the industry. For an organization to gain competitive advantage, it must achieve overall cost leadership in an industry it is competing in. For companies competing in a price-sensitive market, cost leadership is the strategic imperative of the entire organization. It is vitally important for these companies to have a thorough comprehension of their costs and cost drivers in order to pursue a cost leadership strategy. They also need to fully understand their targeted customer groups definition of quality, usually denoted in terms of design specifications, contractual requirements, delivery and services at the lowest possible cost. Of particular importance will be for the company to attain a cost level that is low relative to its competitors. Cost Leadership Strategy This strategy according to Porter, involves the firm winning market share by strategizing to cost-conscious or price-sensitive customers. This is achieved by having the lowest prices in the target market segment, or at least the lowest price to value ratio (price compared to what customers receive). To succeed at offering the lowest price while still achieving profitability and a high return on investment, the firm must be able to operate at a lower cost than its rivals. There are three main ways to achieve this. The first approach or way is achieving a high asset turnover. In manufacturing, it will involve production of high volumes of output. These approaches mean fixed costs are spread over a larger number of units of the product or service, resulting in a lower unit cost, for an example the firm hopes to take advantage of economies of scale and experience curve effects. For industrial firms, mass production becomes both a strategy and an end in itself. Higher levels of output both require and result in high market share, and create an entry barrier to potential competitors, who may be unable to achieve the scale necessary to match the firm low costs and prices. The second way is achieving low direct and indirect operating costs. This is achieved by offering high volumes of standardized products, offering basic no-frills products and limiting customization and personalization of service. Production costs are kept low by using fewer components, using standard components, and limiting the number of models produced to ensure larger production runs. Overheads are kept low by paying low wages, locating premises in low rent areas, establishing a cost-conscious culture, etc. Maintaining this strategy requires a continuous search for cost reductions in all aspects of the business. This will include outsourcing, controlling production costs, increasing asset capacity utilization, and minimizing other costs including distribution, RD and advertising. The associated distribution strategy is to obtain the most extensive distribution possible. Promotional strategy often involves trying to make a virtue out of low cost product features. The third dimension is control over the supply/procurement chain to ensure low costs. This could be achieved by bulk buying to enjoy quantity discounts, squeezing suppliers on price, instituting competitive bidding for contracts, working with vendors to keep inventories low using methods such as Just-in-Time purchasing or Vendor-Managed Inventory. Wal-Mart is famous for squeezing its suppliers to ensure low prices for its goods. Dell Computer initially achieved market share by keeping inventories low and only building computers to order. Other procurement advantages could come from preferential access to raw materials, or backward integration. Some writers claim that cost leadership strategies are only viable for large firms with the opportunity to enjoy economies of scale and large production volumes. However, this takes a limited industrial view of strategy. Small businesses can also be cost leaders if they enjoy any advantages conducive to low costs. For example, a local restaurant in a low rent location can attract price-sensitive customers if it offers a limited menu, rapid table turnover and employs staff on minimum wage. Innovation of products or processes may also enable a startup or small company to offer a cheaper product or service where incumbents costs and prices have become too high. The Starbucks Company Starbucks used mostly a differentiation strategy; however it had also used a cost leadership strategy. Its differentiation strategy was exemplified by their stores providing an experience, offering interesting coffee-related drinks in a theatrical kind of atmosphere, their unique Coffee blending and roasting process which enabled them to create an extensive product variety, their employees received great deal of training to become very knowledgeable about coffee in order to provide an exceptional service to increasingly coffee-educated consumers, and their ability to find the perfect location for their stores enabled them to maximize market share in a given area of a city and build their regional reputation which then increased their image to a national level of high prestige and status. For all these reasons, consumers were willing to pay a premium. Their cost leadership strategy was exemplified by their supply chain operations where they received the best transportation rates, and were able to achieve economies of scale by eliminating redundancy and maximize efficiency. Starbucks was also a cost leader due to its good relationship with coffee exporters who were very anxious to become Starbucks suppliers; a fact that enabled the company to get better prices and reduce bean-sourcing costs. The activities that created superior value for Starbucks retail coffee-house business were: Procurement purchased more high quality coffee than anyone else in the world. Technological Development a lot of research was put into the roasting and blending process to create unique tastes. Human Resource Management extensive training and educating of employees (baristas) and turning them into part of the organizational culture. Outbound Logistics finding good Real estate to maximize market share in certain area and provide the coffee in key places to consumers. The Nestle Company Nestlà © with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà © and is today the worlds biggest food and beverage company. They employ around 250,000 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The Companys strategies are guided by several fundamental principles. Nestlà ©s existing products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. Nestlà © Company has aimed to build a business based on sound human values and principles. Nestlà © believes in making a long-term commitment to the health and wellbeing of people in every country in the scope of their operations. At Nestlà © Significant differentiation from traditional retail and less price transpar ency is followed. They follow this differentiation strategy to reduce the risk of complexity of supply chain and lower attractiveness for discounters. Pepsi Co merged with the Quaker Oats Company, creating the worlds fifth-largest food and beverage company, with 15 brands each generating more than $1 billion in annual retail sales. Pepsi Co follows the differentiation strategy. Their ability to innovate is their competitive advantage. They look for opportunities to capitalize on the value of their brands by creating new products and varieties. By innovating to meet consumer needs and preferences, they fill consumption gaps and contribute to create both healthier and indulgent choices for consumers, and bringing more enjoyment to their lives. As you can see, Nestle also uses the differentiation strategy for cost leadership strategy just like the Coca cola Company. This shows that the customers are asking for a change. They want revolution in the products. That is what these two companies are doing to keep alive and top in what they do. Conclusion As conclusion, I would like to say that cost leadership strategy is used by organizations to lower the cost used for business and enhance the productivity and profit. This is a very good strategy to be used in a business.

Teenage Pregnancy: It Can Be Prevented Essay -- Social Issues Teen Pre

Teenage Pregnancy: It Can Be Prevented According to the Students Against Destructive Decisions website there are more than 750,000 teen pregnancies a year. Teen pregnancy is one of the most difficult issues that teens and their families face today. Most teen pregnancies causes both involved to take up low paying jobs, drop out of school, and continue to become more and more stressed from then on. Schools offer sex education classes, but direct it fully towards abstinence. In this decade, many more kids are becoming sexually active. Schools should teach comprehensive sex education because it can prevent teenage pregnancy with both abstinence, and birth control teaching. Advocated for Youth, a group to help young people make informed and responsible decisions about their reproductive and sexual health states â€Å"Comprehensive sex education addresses both abstinence and age-appropriate, medically accurate information about contraception. Comprehensive sex education is also developmentally appropriate, introducing information on relationships, decision-making, assertiveness, and skill building to resist social/peer pressure, depending on grade-level.† This suggests that comprehensive sex education not only teaches actual contraception, birth control, and promotes abstinence, but it teaches more to help any age deal with the likelihood of sexual activity and how to react and deal. There are several ways to tackle comprehensive sex education. One way to ensure that teenagers don’t get pregnant is to teach abstinence. Abstinence is choosing not to have any type of sex. With abstinence, no barriers or pills are necessary because the person is not sexually active. According to kids health.org â€Å"Abstinence is 100% effective in... ... can use this information, but it’s on how sex education is helpful and how it’s proven to work with teenagers. Source #5: from a Search Engine-Google. Freking, Kevin. â€Å"Study Indicates that Teaching Abstinence Only in Schools Doesn't Equal Less Sex for Students.† 14 April 2007. 6 Dec 2010. . -I can use this article to quote for my naysayer and how teaching birth control is very effective to prevent teenage pregnancy. Source #6: from a Search Engine-Google [keywords: comprehensive sexuality education curriculum] Van Dorn, Betsy. â€Å"Comprehensive Sex Education.† 2010. 6 Dec 2010. . -I can use this to learn more about comprehensive sex education, and see opposing sides for a naysayer.

Hilda Doolittle Outline Essay

Format on â€Å"Heat†. When I first read the poem â€Å"Heat† by H. D. my first impression was it was so short. This poem has three stanzas, consisting of an unequal amount of lines in each. It also uses every day conversation words. My second thought was that it was so simple, almost grade school because of the word choice. Though after learning more about imagists and H.D. I knew this wasn’t the case. To write this poem she painstakingly choose each specific words to use. The poem is choppy and very precise all at the same time. H.D. used the same hard sounding words over and over throughout the poem. The poem style is lyrical because it expresses the thoughts and feelings of H.D.  Style on H. D’s poem â€Å"Heat†. In this poem H.D used direct presentation of picture words/ images. H.D also had a unique ability for writing her poems in cinema form. (She was very interested in the new art of movie making.) This is where her poems made you see a moving picture instead of freezing a moment in time like other imagist poets. This is one of the reasons she was seen as so nontraditional. In the poem â€Å"Heat† H.D personifies the heat, she says that the heat stops the fruit from falling, and it presses up on the blunts and points of pears and rounds the grapes. She made the heat have human-like characteristics. This poem also makes the same hard â€Å"t† sound throughout the poem to make it seem more oppressive. That is an example of consonance while the repeating vowels sounds of heat, used quite a lot is an example of assonance. Content in H. D’s poem â€Å"Heat†. I think what H.D is trying to say in this poem is that sometimes life is hard and unforgiving. It might just seem like things are just to hard and are never going to get better but sometimes they do. Out of nowhere a unexpected cool breeze cuts through the heat and delivers relief. At the end of my research of H.D.’s turbulant life I could see how she put her life experiences into her work. Format on H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. This poem is also written in 3 stanzas. There are a couple of more lines than â€Å"Heat† but not a lot. This poem is like her other one in its choppiness and precision. H.D. used her craft well in choosing the exact words in all the right places. When I first read the poem it was difficult for me to see the meaning but through my research I could tell how hard it must have been to find those specific words to convey her lyrical poem. Style on H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. In this poem H.D uses alliteration, for example; â€Å" flower-tuffs†, â€Å"bring summer and ripe fruits†. She also uses consonance, â€Å"no flower ever parted silver†, â€Å"From such rare silver†. H.D used assonance in this poem, â€Å"o silver†, â€Å"o white pear†. She even put a simile in this poem, â€Å"higher than my arms reach†. In the poem â€Å"Pear Tree† H.D uses lots of soft sounds and repeated lots of the same vowel sounds. This poem is the opposite of the harshness in â€Å"Heat† . Content in H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. In this poem H.D describes the simple beauty of nature. I was finally able to see the moving tree and growing fruit. She also shows how much hope and opportunity there is in life. It takes time and a quiet perseverance to have your effort pay off in an actual product. Whether it is a pear or a work of literature.

How to Order Coffee in France

How to Order Coffee in France If you think ordering coffee in a French cafà © or bar is the same as back home, you might be in for an unpleasant surprise. Ask for un cafà © and youll be presented with a tiny cup of espresso, and if you then request milk, youre likely to get a dirty look or sigh of exasperation. Whats the problem? Le Cafà © Franà §ais In France, un cafà ©, which may also be called un petit cafà ©, un cafà © simple, un cafà © noir, un petit noir, un cafà © express, or un express, is an espresso: a tiny cup of strong black coffee. Thats what the French drink, so thats what the simple word cafà © refers to. Many visitors to France, however, prefer a large cup of filtered, relatively weak coffee, which in France is known as un cafà © amà ©ricain or un cafà © filtre. If you like the taste but not the strength of espresso, order un cafà © allongà © and youll get an espresso in a large cup which you can dilute with hot water. On the other hand, if youd like something even stronger than espresso, ask for un cafà © serrà ©. In the unlikely event that you find a place serving iced coffee, it will be called cafà © glacà ©. For decaffeinated coffee, add the word dà ©ca to your order: un cafà © dà ©ca, un cafà © amà ©ricain dà ©ca, etc. Du Lait, Sil Vous Plaà ®t If you want milk, you have to order it with the coffee: un cafà © au lait, un cafà © crà ¨me, un crà ¨me - espresso with hot milk (large cup)un cappuccino - espresso with foamed milk (large cup)un cafà © noisette, une noisette - espresso with a dash of milk or a spoonful of foam (small cup) Et Du Sucre? You dont need to ask for sugar - if its not already on the bar or table, it will arrive with your coffee, in little envelopes or cubes. (If its the latter, you can do like the French and faire un canard: dip a sugar cube in your coffee, wait a moment for it to turn brown, and then eat it.) Coffee Notes At breakfast, the French like to dip croissants and day-old baguettes into cafà © crà ¨me - indeed, thats why it comes in such a large cup or even a bowl. But breakfast is the only meal at which coffee is consumed (1) with milk and (2) with food. The French drink un express after lunch and dinner, which means after- not with- dessert. French coffee is not meant to be consumed on the street, so theres no takeaway. But if youre in a hurry, drink your petit cafà © standing up at the bar, rather than sitting at a table. Youll be rubbing elbows with locals, and youll save money to boot. (Some cafà ©s have three different prices: bar, indoor table, and outdoor table.) Un cafà © lià ©geois is not a drink, but rather a dessert: a coffee ice cream sundae. (Youre also likely to encounter un chocolat lià ©geois.) Other Hot Drinks un chocolat - hot chocolateun thà © - black teaun thà © vert - green teaune tisane, une infusion - herbal tea In the mood for something different? This article has an extensive list of other drinks and their French pronunciations.

Cmo se certifica una traduccin para Inmigracin

Cmo se certifica una traduccin para Inmigracin La documentacià ³n en espaà ±ol para Inmigracià ³n debe traducirse  al inglà ©s. Puede ser  suficiente la traduccià ³n certificada  hecha por una persona bilingà ¼e.   Hay que tener en cuenta que en ocasiones cierto tipo de documentos, como calificaciones acadà ©micas o laborales para su convalidacià ³n, puede que tengan que ser traducidos por un intà ©rprete jurado. Incluso puede ser necesario obtener la Apostilla de la Haya. Pero para la mayorà ­a de los documentos, principalmente en asuntos migratorios  no ser necesario. Y es suficiente con una traduccià ³n certificada hecha por cualquier persona bilingà ¼e por lo que se puede ahorrar dinero en este trmite. Adems, NO es necesaria la firma de un notario. Quià ©n puede hacer una traduccià ³n certificada y cà ³mo se debe realizar Cualquier persona que es amiga del solicitante de un beneficio migratorio (no un familiar) con conocimientos fluidos de los idiomas espaà ±ol e inglà ©s.Debe traducir palabra por palabra. Es decir, no basta un resumen del texto que traduce sino que ha de ser una traduccià ³n fiel y completa.La traduccià ³n debe hacerse en una hoja en blanco, escribiendo con letra legible y tinta negra o -preferible- en computadora. Al finalizar la traduccià ³n es cuando se inserta, en la misma hoja, el siguiente modelo de carta que se seà ±ala a continuacià ³n y en el que se certifica que la persona que la ha traducido tiene conocimientos fluidos de inglà ©s y espaà ±ol y que ha realizado con competencia la traduccià ³n. Ejemplo de modelo de carta que se coloca al final de la traduccià ³n para certificarla I certify that I am competent to translate from Spanish to English and that the above Marriage Certificate of Pedro Sanchez and Marà ­a Garcà ­a is a correct and true translation to the best of my knowledge and belief. Signed: Tito Jandro  Caramà ©sAddress: 163 W. 36th Street, NY NY 10017Phone number: 917  21  63  68Date: February 7th, 2017 Notas sobre esta certificacià ³n de la traduccià ³n Obviamente el nombre o nombres de las personas sobre las que trata el documento y el tipo de documento. En el ejemplo se utiliza un certificado de matrimonio.En Signed, adems de poner el nombre completo de la persona que hizo la traduccià ³n, hay que acordarse siempre de firmar.La direccià ³n y el nà ºmero de telà ©fono han de corresponder a la persona que ha hecho la traduccià ³n. Segundo ejemplo de modelo para certificar una traduccià ³n I, Carmen Pà ©rez, certify that I am fluent in the English and Spanish language and that the above document is an accurate translation of the document entitle Birth Certificate. SignatureName: Carmen Pà ©rezAddress: 163 W. 64th Street NY NY 10017Date: February 7th, 2017 Que junto con la traduccià ³n certificada de esta manera hay que enviar una fotocopia legible del documento original que se ha traducido. Incluir el derecho y el revà ©s. Ejemplos de documentos para los que es suficiente este tipo de traduccià ³n Actas de nacimiento (conocidas en algunos paà ­ses como certificados) que se incluyen en peticiones de familia.Actas de viudedad, divorcio o anulacià ³n de matrimonioCertificado de matrimonioDeclaraciones juradas sobre el buen carcter moral de un migrante, que se recomienda incluir en peticiones como por ejemplo de perdones. Consejos sobre traducciones para Inmigracià ³n Todos los documentos en espaà ±ol que se envà ­an al Servicio de Ciudadanà ­a e Inmigracià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) deben de ser traducidos. Sin embargo, en ocasiones los que se envà ­an a los consulados no siempre es necesario. Va a depender de la polà ­tica de cada consulado, con lo que es conveniente consultar en la pgina web cules son los requisitos. Si se elige  un traductor profesional, deber tambià ©n incluir algà ºn tipo de certificacià ³n sobre la traduccià ³n que realice, por ejemplo siguiendo los ejemplos anteriores seà ±alados en este artà ­culo. Finalmente recordar que no es necesario que estas traducciones està ©n  firmadas por un notario Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Coach and Horses Guest House Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Coach and Horses Guest House - Case Study Example The long-term objective of The Coach and Horses Guest House (Coach and Horses), is to become the finest preference on Paradise Bay, Sydney, for temporary lodging, through the creation of a differentiated experience that capitalizes on personal service, the historical British nature of the Coach House's construction, and its unique location in one of Australia's most cosmopolitan cities. We plan to create something more than just a guesthouse. We are determined to establish an environment that is dedicated to pampered luxury, and which vastly surpasses the standard fare for Paradise Bay. The Coach and Horses Guest House is an established guesthouse, which has been operating throughout the past five years as The Ploughman's Bed and Breakfast. After its possession, and after a short period of establishment, the Coach and Horses will diverse into a variety of other business ventures that will guarantee a steady flow of patrons, both locals and tourists, through its doors. Originally built in the 1860s, and believed to have been one of the first coach stations to carry the Royal Mail, the Coach and Horses has a deep historical history that is clearly evident within the construction of the building and the magnificent gardens that surround it. The structure has benefited from a major restoration program, which has effectively re-established the building's original composition, thus creating the potential of six large rental units, and four smaller units, with owner-occupancy in a separate unused building. The creation of a "home away from home," which is often far more palatial and beautiful than a

Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Business Cycles, and Economic Growth Assignment

Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Business Cycles, and Economic Growth - Assignment Example Owners of multinational companies in Malawi will receive reduced dividends. Some multinational corporations’ employees in Malawi will either be laid-off or receive lower salaries (Hansen, 2013). 6.b). If the president of Malawi imposes a mandatory minimum wage of $5.00 per hour, workers in multinational companies will receive better pay. Consequently, the level of poverty will reduce in the country. Multinational corporations will incur more cost especially salary expenses. Due to higher costs profits for the companies will reduce thus shareholders will receive lower dividends. Multinational corporations might lessen the number of employees to reduce the salaries expenses they incur (Hansen, 2013). 7. Western states like the United States and United Kingdom resort to deficit spending by borrowing money to stimulate economic growth or recovery in times of economic recessions. The main disadvantage with deficit spending is that it leads to interest rates. High-interest rates reduce the ability to borrow. High-interest rates discourage entrepreneurs to invest. Consequently, low investment rates mean that the production capacity of a country is reduced the general output of the country decreases hence. Reduction in the output of a country reduces the rate of economic growth in a country. Deficit spending means that the government spends more than the private sector. States tend to utilize resources inefficiently. So these actions might lead to wasted resources. Deficit spending and increased borrowing increases an economy’s inflation rate. Increasing inflation rate reduces the value of a currency and adversely affects its competitiveness with other currencies. Inflation wi ll also lessen the amount of savings (Hansen, 2013). 8. Listening to Laurence Kotlikoff of Boston University, I was interested in the argument he brought forward regarding the government’s concealment of its debt obligations. Kotlikoff pointed out that United

The Biome of Hawaii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Biome of Hawaii - Essay Example In addition, the website provided the average temperature: 75 degrees to 88 degrees Fahrenheit from April to November, and 68 degrees to 80 degrees Fahrenheit from December to March, with an average water temperature of 74 degrees Fahrenheit. According to Encarta Online Encyclopedia (2007), eight main islands, namely Hawaii, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, Niihau and Kauai take almost the state's entire area of 28,311 square kilometer, with 98 sq. m. of inland water. The other part is composed of islets, coral reefs, and shoals. Thus, it is considered to be one of the smallest state in America. Hawaii did not escape the bad effects of deforestation, pollution, global warming, and human selfishness. The Nature Conservancy (2008) cries, "Climate change is already affecting our lives and the places we live, and has the potential to dramatically impact the lives of future generations." The plant life in the islands are mostly sets of coconut palm trees which are usually seen near the beaches, uncommon plants such as mesquite, koa haole, cactus, drought resistant grasses, wiliwili, naio, bastard sandalwood, niihau, kahoolawe, kukui, lantana, and alien weeds.

Lady Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Lady Macbeth Essay Macbeth was a play written by William Shakespeare in 1608. It is a very intriguing play. This essay will concentrate on Macbeths wife, Lady Macbeth and how her character undergoes extreme changes from Act 1 Scene 5 and Act 5 Scene 1. Lady Macbeth is an extremely dominant character, a principal catalyst for Macbeths rein, but towards the concluding part of the remarkable play, Lady Macbeth feels, and is relatively unimportant to Macbeth due to his ego and the confidence the three witches bestow him. Macbeth then had no specific reason to rely on Lady Macbeth for her strength and determination. Lady Macbeth then became overwhelmed with guilt and grew to be increasingly unstable. Part 1 Act 1 Scene 5 Act 1 Scene 5 is an extremely important scene because it is the preliminary time that the audience perceive Lady Macbeth. In this captivating scene Lady Macbeth receives a letter from Macbeth informing her of his new title, Thane of Cawdor and of the three witches prophecies. Lady Macbeth fears that Macbeth is not malicious enough to fulfil his ambitions of becoming King. Thus I may pour my spirits in thine ear, And chastise with the valour of my tongue This illustrates that she knows that if she was going to be the Queen of Scotland then she would have to persuade Macbeth to kill King Duncan. She is incredibly determined to be a powerful queen. Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be what thou art promisd This implies that Lady Macbeth is indomitable and will not give up her cause until she has won. Lady Macbeth is also unbelievably manipulative. She realized that if she wanted to have her status as Queen then she would have to persuade Macbeth to carry out the unlawful deed. She knew she was a very powerful woman and that she had power over Macbeth, so the task set ahead of her, she thought, was not going to be excessively challenging. Thou which cries, Thus must do, if thou have it; This shows us Lady Macbeths manipulative side. She says that the crown cries out for it to be taken from the throne. This is someone who obviously desires something desperately. The extent of her ambition turns her to the supernatural world. Her ambition has overthrown her body and she calls upon the spirits to turn her into the opposite sex. She wants to cross over to the darker, masculine side so she could have the power and the strength to carry out the murder she has so carefully planned out. This gives the feel of unnaturalness. Come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, this implies that Lady Macbeth is rather unbalanced from her entrance to the play, but as the play continues she gradually becomes worse. Lady Macbeth is an extremely evil person. She calls upon the spirits to assist her in the unlawful death of King Duncan. fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty This helps us understand how Lady Macbeth feels about the plan to murder. She is ruthless and has no compassion. She wants to ignore any goodness there is left in her body. She plans the killing of King Duncan with no remorse. This scene, presumably, shocked many audiences in the 17th century, this is mainly because Lady Macbeth is the dominant person in the marriage. This was extremely rare in the sixteen-hundreds because the male sex was labelled the stronger sex. The planning of King Duncan could have also stunned the audience because the planning was so merciful. Over the next few acts Lady Macbeth slowly looses her sanity. Though after the slaughter of King Duncan, Lady Macbeth takes control and places the murder weapon by the guards. She also orders Macbeth to wash the blood off his hand. And wash this filthy witness from your hand. This shows that she does not want any piece of evidence to link them to the murder. Lady Macbeth faints after Macbeth admits to killing the guards. Lady Macbeths use of language is extremely powerful and persuasive. Stop up the access and passage to remorse, this is just a fragment of Lady Macbeth strong language but it implies that she is a very strong, powerful young women. Part 2 Act 5 Scene 1 This scene is the last scene that the audience will observe Lady Macbeth. This scene is especially significant as the last time the audience saw Lady Macbeth was in the banquet scene, where Macbeth seemed to be unstable. Although Lady Macbeth is noticeably weaker she was still in control. In Act 5 Scene 1 she looses control on her life and has lost her sanity. Lady Macbeth has now lost her sanity completely. In the night she sleepwalks acting out the murder of King Duncan she repeatedly did this until she awoke. Concerned maids of Lady Macbeth brought in a doctor to examine her. The doctor soon discovered Macbeth and Lady Macbeth shameful secret. But the secret did not arise to the public due to a maid convincing the doctor otherwise. This is her very guise; and, upon my life, fast asleep. This is the gentlewomen trying to tell the doctor that Lady Macbeth is asleep. Lady Macbeth is extremely scared by this point, she can not be taken any where at night without a candle, she was terrified of darkness, a complete contrast from Act 1 Scene 5 where she called upon darkness block out any light coming through from the good side. she has a light by her continually; this implies that she is even too scared in her sleep to walk without a candle. Lady Macbeth is overwhelmed with guilt, you can see because throughout the scene she is constantly washing the blood of her hands, the same blood that she told Macbeth to wash off in Act 1 Scene 5. She told him to wash his hands so she could leave the guilt behind in the dirty bowl. Out damned spot! Out this show her desperation and it also implies that she wants to dispose of the guilt she has rapped up inside her body, but her mind will not let her. Her behaviour now shows that she was naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve to think she could have disposed of the guilt so easily. The language Lady Macbeth uses now is extremely different. Now, towards the end of her malicious life she is no longer a strong speaker. She speaks in riddles, this shows her mental state. The Thane of Fife had a wife: where is she now? She is talking in riddles, which do not make much sense; her life at that time did not make much sense; her speech is reflecting her life. The audience, at this part of the play are intended to feel sorry for Lady Macbeth because of her mental state and her health. In a way Lady Macbeth deserved what happened to her because she was a very evil person, but nobody deserves to be mentally unstable.

Literature Review On Skills For Life Education Essay

Literature Review On Skills For Life Education Essay Introduction The importance of the education sector of any country lies in its ability to meet the production demands of its economy. The shaping of traditional education (where students are passive learners), for example, was mostly done at a time where the Government needed the mass to conform to the decisions of the elites (Botsford, 1993), who were the ones to be able to access the best form of learning, which the mass could not reach, irrespective of their abilities (Kelly, 2004). As the needs of the society changed, so did the educational system. From the DFEE report (Department for Education and Employment, 2001), a need for an improvement in basic skills has been identified, hence the document Skills for Life. The Leitch Review (2006) also reinforces the need of the UK society to meet the demand of higher level skills in the job market. This report analyses the impact of the Skills for Life (SFL) document on the curriculum that I am teaching (Postgraduate Diploma in the Lifelong Learning Sector- DTLLS). It is developed in the following manner: A literature review on SFL An evaluation of the curriculum design model being implemented and the impact of SFL on the curriculum The above mentioned impact is also evaluated via the analysis of interviews carried out with the Awarding Body and a College representative and a questionnaire filled by the students in the course of an activity conducted in a session on Skills for Life and the extent to which as a teacher I can influence the curriculum and hence the DTLLS programme itself. Literature Review on Skills for Life Policies are introduced to solve issues identified. The Skills for Life (Department for Education and Employment, DFEE, 2001) endeavour was an attempt by the Government of that time to maximise the earning capacity of citizens by increasing the levels of their essential skills including literacy, and numeracy. The then Secretary of State, Mr D. Blunkett (DFEE, 2001) stated that there were, shockingly, seven million Britons who did not know how to read and write and use numbers. These skills are important throughout an individuals life hence the name Skills for Life. The document discusses on how illiteracy can affect a person physically and emotionally in terms of not being able to do certain tasks by himself/herself, which, consequently, can affect his/her self confidence. The vision expressed in this document is the eradiation of illiteracy and low numeracy skills, (DFEE, 2001). The DFEE proposed to achieve such targets by introducing national standards for numeracy and literacy, assessment tools that will diagnose the exact areas to be improved, and resources to support this endeavour. The department also suggested the training of teachers as specialist in these domains (literacy and numeracy) and promoting and motivating the involvement of learners and those who can support their learning process. This will undoubtedly require quite an effort because it not only means improving the levels of those who have already passed through the formal education pe riod but also ensuring that those who are still in that period do not face the same problems in terms of their functional skills (literacy, numeracy and ICT). One of the major influences of this project is the Moser Report (DFEE, 1999) which is based on research such as It Doesnt Get Any Better. The impact of poor basic skills on the lives of 37 year olds by Parsons and Bynner (1997) and Skills for Life national needs and impact surveys (2003) carried out by the DFES (Department for Education and Skills). Literacy and numeracy levels can be classified from Pre Entry to Level 2 and above (Pre Entry, Entry level 1 to 3, Level 1 and Level 2 and above). Basic skills have sub elements, for example literacy has reading, writing, speaking and listening (The Sector Skills Council for Lifelong Learning, LLUK, 2007). The overall level of a learner will be determined by what they achieve in each of these sub areas. Parsons and Bynner (1997) found a relationship between low levels of literacy and numeracy and many social issues that the learners faced. Such a link is quite obvious because if a person is not able to read and count adequately, he/she wi ll not be confident in social interaction. A solution was put forward in the form of the Leitch Review (2006) where one of the main arguments was that Britain was losing ground in terms of the academic strength of its population compared to countries such as India and China. Another point that I quite agree with is that the educational system of the country should produce individuals with the qualifications which are being demanded by the job market. Therefore if there is a need for increased levels of functional skills, this is the area where the educational investment should be poured. These findings concurred with the survey, conducted by the DFES, which mentioned low levels of literacy and numeracy (2003). The reasons suggested for the lower levels were the social and economic background of the individuals, the extent to which they stayed in education and whether English is their first language or not. The last factor is obvious in my teaching practice. I teach international students for whom low literacy level (English) proves to be a barrier in the achievement of their course. These students are studying a Postgraduate Diploma in the Lifelong Learning Sector, after which they aspire to gain a Qualified Teacher Status in the Lifelong Learning Sector, teaching adult learners. Despite being highly literate in their native language, they find it difficult to critically analyse concepts (an essential skill at their level of studies) due to their low English level. This is where the importance, of the impact of the Skills or Life policy on the programme that I am currently teaching, is apparent. Because of the embedding of strategies to improve the student-teachers functional skills (which are the skills promoted by the policy) the language barrier that they face during this course is being addressed by the curriculum being taught. Over the years, the meaning of the term curriculum has evolved specially with the development of the perceived purpose of education. Thus, there are various types of curriculum identified, among which the learner focused curriculum (Brown, 2003) predominates learning in the institution where I teach. Right from the start of the learning journey of a student, we carry out an initial assessment to identify the needs of that learner and to formulate their individual goals with regards to the course. The delivery and assessment of the curriculum are then shaped bearing in mind the information obtained from these initial and any subsequent assessments done thereafter. Based on the course specifications which are provided by the Awarding Body, I have prepared the curriculum of the course that I teach: Postgraduate Diploma for Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS). During this process, I had to incorporate the requirements of Skills for Life through embedding literacy, numeracy and ICT. The Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK) an independent organisation providing guidance to educational stakeholders about the developments in this sector- elaborates on how the learners needs, with regards to their functional skills, can be addressed (Lawton and Turnbull for the Sector Skills Council for lifelong learning on behalf of LLUK,2007). Guidance is given with regards to every aspect of the teaching and learning process namely the resources used, the classroom environment, the teaching and learning approaches and communication strategies. The logic behind embedding these skills is that no matter what a student is learning, he/she will be developing his/he r skills for life, be it knowingly or unknowingly For example by using presentations, the learner will not only be demonstrating knowledge about the topic but also will be improving his/her speaking and listening skills. From the very start of the learning process, therefore, the principles of the Skills for Life project are embedded: the initial assessment process includes a skills test so that their learning plan can include improvement of such skills (for example combining their main courses with a skill course depending on where their need lies). Therefore, developing a curriculum with the principles of the SFL project concurs with the constructivist approach (Bruner, 1960)-which involves constructing learning adopted by my institution. Thus the impact of the SFL principles on the curriculum relevant to my practice has caused it to improve. But investing in skills is not always an applauded endeavour. Investing in human capital has been from long the priority of the Government. There has been a link pointed out between educational background of individuals and their social and economical success. Investment in learning in the 21st Centrury is the equivalent of investment in the machinery and technical innovation that was essential to the first great industrial revolution (DFEE, 1997a, pp.15, cited in Coffield, 1999) I would agree with Coffields (1999) argument that focussing on the Human Capital Theory (HCT) enables politicians to overlook other factors which could have contributed towards the economic status of individuals. Karabel and Harsley (1997) further criticised this theory saying that it puts the blame of being poor on the poor! Investing in human capital does seem to be profitable for the population. But as Levin and Kelley (1997) pointed out, this theory does not state where the individuals will go after being educated if there is no job market for them. Being given that the investment has already been done, the best we can hope for is that it has been profitable. When any policy is suggested and implemented by the Government, I feel the urgency of trying to find its political implications. In an article in the Guardian, Kingston (2006) quotes Mr. Wells (the then Director of the Basic Skills Agency) as criticising the Labour Government for exaggerating the number of adults in the UK who cannot read and write to make their task seem more successful. Vignoles (cited by the Press Association, 2009) further argued that trying to develop literacy skills at an adult age might not be effective because such skills are more easily developed at an early age. Personally, I do not believe that more difficulty teaching adults language is reason enough to completely eradicate the benefits that such a project brought to many individuals: improved chances in terms of job seeking, more confidence, a better social life, among others. Even if the Gover nment may have a hidden agenda for starting the Skills for Life project, the focus brought on these skills have enabled educationalists to give even more weight to their learner-centred approach in designing their respective curricula around very crucial needs of the learners- Basic Skills. This leads us to the analysis of the impact of the SFL policy on the curriculum I teach. Implications of the policy for curriculum change and pedagogy There is much debate about what is to be called a curriculum. With the shift of focus from the teacher to the learner, curriculum is moving away from being just content to be completed during a time period syllabus- and more of a learner centred approach (Dolence,2003; Coles, 2003). For the purpose of this report, Wojtczaks (2002) definition will be adopted. According to him, curriculum is An educational plan that spells out which goals and objectives should be achieved, which topics should be covered and which methods are to be used for learning, teaching and evaluation. (Wojtczak, 2002, pp 6) Therefore, the construction of a curriculum can start from its objectives, its content and the methods used to teach. If Tylers (1949) four questions with regards to curriculum design are considered, another approach of curriculum models can be added namely evaluation (Kelly, 2004). The curriculum I use is designed from the Lifelong Learning teacher training programme. The key driver of the curriculum set by the Awarding Body is the assessment criteria. As the teacher trainer I derive the outcomes to be achieved from the assessment criteria and the content set by the Awarding Body. This is done by discussing the assessment criteria and how to achieve them as a class exercise with the student-teachers at the start of a Unit. The rationale behind this is that if the students are shown what they need to achieve from the start, the learning journey becomes easier. The teaching and learning methods and formative (or ongoing) assessment tools are developed from the outcomes with close adaptation with regards to the learners targeted (in line with being learner focused) whereas the summative assessment is set by the Awarding Body. It is important to note that wherever the starting point of a curriculum design may be, it will have to use the four approaches identified by Tyler (1949). For example, although I designed the curriculum for Lifelong Learning for my College by forming objectives from the assessment criteria, I still need to adhere to the content expected and apply the appropriate teaching methods. At this point it is important that I differentiate between the Unit aims provided by the Awarding Body and the learning objectives that I derive with my learners which are based on the assessment criteria. The learning objectives formed with the learners are more detailed than the aims prescribed by the Awarding Body  [1]  . Since they are formed by the learners (guided by the teacher trainer), they understand better the reasons for these outcomes and thus are able to take control of their learning process (Knowles, 1984). It is also important to differentiate between the prescriptions provided by the Awarding Body and the curriculum that I design for my student-teachers. For the purpose of this part of the report, the curriculum to be analysed will be what I design in terms of a long term plan of how the assessment criteria set will be achieved (the teaching methods, activities, the assessment techniques and resources to be used). The manner in which I build up my sessions is thus objective based (firstly because the assessment criteria set by the Awarding Body act as general objectives and secondly because I derive specific objectives to be achieved with my students) which can be said to be very precise and scientific (Kelly, 2004). As Bobbitt (1918; cited by Kelly, 2004) stated, the learners are more focused in terms of what they need to complete to achieve the certificate. Building a curriculum from objectives has been criticised by Kelly (2004) as assuming passive learning. The learning goals seem to be more extrinsic. This is closer to the behaviourist approach to learning where the learners are moulded to achieve goals, which most of the time, are derived for them. Szasz (1991) strongly criticised such an approach to education stating that humans, unlike animals, need to have intrinsic motives to learn. If Kellys (2004) thinking is considered, one might have the impression that this curriculum is closer to training as opposed to education. According to him, training is very focused on what knowledge is to be gained and does not consider the students at all. But this is where the combination approach to curriculum design comes as a rectifying tool. Although the curriculum starts with objectives (based on assessment criteria), I can adapt the learning journey of my student-teachers through the teaching and learning methods that I use  [2]  which include embedding the requirements of SFL. The curriculum content for the DTLLS programme was introduced after the SFL project. When this project came to be put in place, it has, thus, affected the curriculum that I utilise in two ways. Firstly, SFL amplified the skills required as teachers to include minimum core areas. Secondly, the teachers had to learn skills to embed these minimum core subjects- literacy, language, numeracy and ICT- in their teaching strategies. These two aspects are linked because to be able to address the needs of learners, teachers must have an adequate level of these skills themselves  [3]  . Every Unit of the teacher training programme has opportunities for the student-teachers to improve their own functional skills. This will enable them to be in a better position to identify the SFL needs of their learners and adapt their teaching strategies accordingly. Therefore, each part of the curriculum has to reflect SFL in these two aspects: developing the student-teachers own minimum core skills and equipping them with the ability to develop those of their students. Taking Wojtczaks (2002) definition of curriculum, SFL will have to be reflected in: the goals and objectives to be achieved the methods to be used in the teaching and learning process The above will again be in two folds: as a student-teacher and as a future educator, that is, the improvement of the student-teachers own SFL and his/her ability to embed the minimum core subjects in his/her teaching. To be able to start this teacher training, the student-teachers have to have a level 2 in Literacy and Numeracy. This is conducted, using the skills test, which was developed by the Secretary of State in 1999, following the Green Paper published by the Department for Education and Employment (DFEE) in 1998 on improving skills of teachers (Blunkett,1998). Thus, right from the start of their learning journey (Lawton and Turnbull for the Sector Skills Council for lifelong learning on behalf of LLUK,2007), the student-teachers feel the impact that these skills mentioned in the SFL policy will have on their teaching and also their learning processes. The Individual Learning Plan of the student-teachers then will contain individual objectives to be achieved in terms of their functional skills. The goals are negotiated in line with the principles of Androgogy (Knowles, 1984) as part of my motivation strategy. With regards to the teaching methods, with each Unit of the DTLLS programme, as the teacher educator, I had to make sure that the improvement of these skills was being encouraged. This was done by encouraging more group discussions and presentations and, more recently, by including a literature review hour where the student-teachers will be discussing on the articles and books that they have recently read. These will not only improve their communication and discussion skills and develop their research skills (which are crucial for the professional development of a teacher) but also will enable them to construct learning in line with the principles of social constructivism (Vygotsky, 1978; Bruner,1986, 1990, 1996). Although great emphasis is not made on Numeracy Skills in this teacher training programme (unless the specialist area of the student-teacher is related to numbers such as science and mathematics), there are aspects of these skills which, as a teacher educator, I can develop in my learners. Part of the continuous professional development of the student-teachers is being able to evaluate their own skills. In the second part of the training programme, the student-teachers learn to represent data in a simple graphical manner to be able to interpret the extent of success or a particular teaching method. If such exercises are carried our frequently, the student-teachers improved numeracy skills will enable them to better explain their continuous professional development. Another important aspect proposed by the SFL project is computer skills, which the majority of the student-teachers lack. In the current age, where learners are digital natives  [4]  (Garrison and Anderson, 2003), future teachers cannot afford to be below average in ICT  [5]  skills. Their responsibilities include not only to improve the ICT skills of learners who are not in tune with their peers but also to challenge the skills of the digital natives. The curriculum has thus to comprise of strategies such as use of computers for research and presentation purposes  [6]  . During the completion of the teacher training programme, the student- teachers have to build up their teaching (planning and delivery) and assessment strategies. For each of the strategy developed, they need to demonstrate how they will embed the principles suggested by the SFL project. When embedding these principles in teaching my student-teachers, I am also giving them ideas which they themselves can use in their own teaching practice. It is to be noted, however, that their embedding strategies have to be specific to their own specialist area. The SFL endeavour has thus influenced the teacher training programme to a very large extent. Not only do the student-teachers need to develop their own skills as part of their Continuous Professional Development, but they need to create and/or adapt ways to improve the skills of their learners. Thus the curriculum that they have to follow as learners (and I have to follow as their educator) has to promote the development of their functional skills, be it in terms of the goals to be achieved or the methods and resources to be used. As future teachers, they need to be well equipped with regards to their own SFL to be able to facilitate the learning process of their learners. The purpose of this research is to ascertain the impact of the Skills for Life policy on the curriculum that I teach. After reviewing the literature on the topic and an initial analysis of the SFL policy on the DTLLS programme (which affects the curriculum I build for my teaching), I wanted to analyse the views of three main stakeholders of the College- the department executive, the students and the External Verifier from the Awarding Body- on the matter. Evaluate curriculum changes resulting from the policy / research document. Because of the individualised nature of collecting opinions, a quantitative approach to data collection and analysis will be quite useless (Miles and Hubermans, 1994). Moreover it is the depth and meaning of the data which I am after and therefore a qualitative direction seems to be more appropriate (Bryman, 2001). The data collection tool chosen for this purpose is semi structured interview (Appendix A). Semi structured interviews combine the benefits of structured and unstructured ones. They not only provide the interviewee with the freedom of expressing his/her views in detail (which is required to obtain a deeper understanding of the opinion given), but also, with the questions set by the interviewer, the discussion is more focused on the relevant topic (Horton, Macve and Struyven, 2004). Instead of hindering my conclusion, the subjective nature of this tool (Bryman, 2001) will, hopefully, provide new ideas about the project. Because it is also very specific to the curriculum that I teach, the issue of inability to generalise the results (Bryman, 2001) will also not arise. The third stakeholder to be questioned will be the student-teachers. A session will be conducted on Skills for Life (Appendix F) after which the student-teachers will be asked to work in groups to fill the questionnaires (Appendix B). To ensure confidentiality (Bryman, 2001), the names of the stakeholders will not be disclosed. The results of these two approaches are analysed below. The student-teachers seem to grasp the impact of the SFL policy on the DTLLS programme and even identified the aspects of the programme which develop their own basic skills. As one of the groups mentioned the objectives that they have to achieve have been affected by the SFL policy in that they have to Embed minimum core subjects in the curriculum (Extracts from questionnaires, Appendix D). On the other hand, both the External Verifier and the Vice Principal of the College described the link between SFL and DTLLS programme quite similarly in terms of development of the student-teachers own skills and embedding strategies that he/she has to implement to develop that of his/her students (Appendix C). As the Vice Principal suggests: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ DTLLS students have, to apart from a select group of specialists who do are not involved in SfL, consider SfL as a key focus for all their work. Approaches to delivering DTLLS therefore have to be adapted to achieve SfL requirements (Extract from transcript, Appendix C) I quite agree with both of them that the programme as it stands, although it does offer resources and teaching methods that reflect SFL principles, can still be improved. Offering an optional module which is specific to SFL instead of the fragmented state it is now (as the Vice Principal states) will provide the student-teachers with unique skills that are very much in demand in the education market. As mentioned before, the DTLLS programme came after the SFL policy. However, had there not been this policy, the programme would not have included the minimum core requirements as it does now. The impact that the SFL policy has on the DTLLS programme will inevitably affect the curriculum used to deliver it. This leads us to the evaluation of the curriculum built on the basis of the assessment criteria and general objectives prescribed by the Awarding Body. The first aspect to be analysed is the purpose of the evaluation. Most evaluations done are to determine the extent to which set objectives are being met (Tyler, 1949; Kelly, 2004), that is summative evaluation. However, a more meaningful evaluation would be one which assesses the objectives themselves. As Kelly (2004) states, curriculum should be subject to continuous evaluation as an essential element of continuous change and development (pp 36). This leads to the next issue which is choosing a model of curriculum evaluation. According to Kelly (2004), this should match the curriculum model adopted, otherwise the criteria of evaluation will not reflect the purposes of the planners or the teachers (pp 139). The DTLLS curriculum that I developed is based on a combination of the four perspectives proposed by Tyler (1949) with objectives as starting point  [7]  . But if I use an objective model of curriculum evaluation, it will not serve my purpose as it will only identify success or failure of achieving the objectives set (Kelly, 2004). According to MacDonald, a more holistic approach would be assessing the projects impact on the educational system and the types of evaluation problems which the impact would throw up (1973, pp 83 cited by Kelly, 2004, pp 142). As mentioned before, the curriculum is designed on the basis of the outcomes derived from the assessment criteria set by the Awarding Body. This enables the student-teachers to be focused on what is to be completed to achieve the Units. But one of the consequences of such an approach is a decreased possibility of achieving unintended (but potentially beneficial) outcomes. Although the student-teachers do have to attain a certain level in the minimum core subjects (similar to SFL), if they are already at that level there is no incentive to improve them further (since there are no specified needs to do so in the curriculum). Developing SFL is often drowned in the achievement of the multitude of other objectives to be achieved. Having said that, with the embedding strategies -where the student-teachers learn to develop the minimum core subjects of their own students- the picture is more promising. This is because the focus is then on developing these skills. But the extent to which my curriculum evaluation will be considered by the Awarding Body is questionable. If we take the interview carried out with the EV (Appendix C), when I was discussing about agreeing a date for the interview, she initially did not see a link between SFL and DTLLS, To be quite honest with you Shaivi, at first I thought that there was no direct link. Basic Skills is what it saysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..basic. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ But if we analyse it deeper, we can see that one of the requirements for teachers on the programme is to have a level 2 in literacy, numeracy and ICT. (Extract from transcript, Appendix C) After I explained my project and my point of view, she agreed with me and hence the interview was much more useful. The Vice Principals suggestion that SFL delivery techniques should be added as an optional module to the curriculum as the next cycle of improvement is valid because this will increase the marketability of the award. But, although the External Verifier shared his views, from our experience in terms of suggestions we made, it is doubtful that she will take it on board and suggest it to her institution. Thus as a curriculum developer, although I can certainly build up outcomes which will further improve the minimum core levels of my student-teachers, the extent to which I can influence the curriculum development is restricted. This brings us to the argument that the External Awarding Body still has a very strong hold on what is important in terms of delivery and assessment. The extent to which they will consult the Delivery Centres (such as my College) to determine or assess what is to be delivered is quasi nil, that is their own evaluation of the DTLLS programme and resulting curriculum seem to be more autocratic (Mac Donald, 1975, pp 133, cited by Kelly, 2004). A more democratic approach to curriculum evaluation (where the teachers are involved) would have served the purpose of meaningful continuous curriculum development (Kelly, 2004). If we were to measure how stringent the Awarding Body is with regards to the four perspectives of curriculum identified by Tyler (1949)-Appendix E- we can see that assessment has a medium level of stringency since we can choose the evidence linked to practice to be included in the portfolio from a set list. The same is with the specific objectives which we can form on the basis of the assessment criteria set by the Body, which is thus the key driver of the curriculum. The only way that the curricula will differentiate in different centres is through the delivery methods being used and the objectives to be set (which is however based on the assessment criteria set by the Awarding Body). Centralised control (Kelly, 2004) is apparent over the content of the curriculum. This also demonstrates how the programme is driven by its assessment process (Kelly, 2004). Any method or activity used is geared towards the final portfolio of evidence of achievement of learning (based on the assessment criteria set by the Awarding Body). The DTLLS programme, although very specific to the age group the student-teachers are being trained to teach, have similar outcomes to the other programmes on the market (Postgraduate Certificate in Education for Post Compulsary Education) with regards to strategies of embedding basic skills. Because the student-teachers are mostly international, they have specific timeframes within which they have to complete the programme. Therefore, they do not have time to explore the topics in dept